The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported by grants from the Israel Science Foundation, founded by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Niedersachsen-Israeli Research Cooperation Program, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research and the Technion Fund for Advancement of Research. Received: JanuAccepted: JPublished: July 19, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Kolpakova et al. PLoS ONE 8(7):Įditor: Michael Klymkowsky, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States of America In sum, our results indicate that the MEF2D protein is a key transcription factor in the marginal zone acting in a positive feedback loop with FGF signaling that promotes mesoderm specification at late blastula stages.Ĭitation: Kolpakova A, Katz S, Keren A, Rojtblat A, Bengal E (2013) Transcriptional Regulation of Mesoderm Genes by MEF2D during Early Xenopus Development. The same promoter region was necessary but not sufficient to mediate MEF2D activity in a reporter gene assay. Several MEF2 binding sites within the proximal promoter region of Xnr1 were identified by their in vitro association with MEF2D protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that MEF2D associates with transcriptional regulatory sequences of the Xnr1 gene. One target of MEF2D is the Nodal-related 1 gene ( Xnr1) that mediates some of MEF2D mesodermal activities. We also report that MEF2D functions with FGF signaling in a positive feedback loop each augments the expression of the other in the marginal region and both are necessary for mesodermal gene expression. At the molecular level, MEF2D knockdown reduced the expression of genes involved in mesoderm formation and patterning. Knockdown of MEF2D delayed gastrulation movements, prevented embryo elongation at the subsequent tailbud stage and caused severe defects in axial tissues. At the initiation of zygotic transcription, expression of MEF2D expands into the marginal region that gives rise to mesoderm. Here we report that the transcription factors MEF2A and MEF2D are expressed in the animal hemisphere before mid-blastula transition. Yet, marginally-expressed transcription factors that cooperate with mesoderm-inducing signals are less investigated. The maternally-expressed vegetally-localized transcription factor VegT has a central role in cell autonomous specification of endoderm and in the generation of mesoderm-inducing signals. * Automatic recovery of the experiment when the power is on again after cutting off, without waiting for the power-on of the computer or software control.In Xenopus, specification of the three germ layers is one of the earliest developmental decisions occurring prior to gastrulation. * Immediate analysis of experimental data on the instrument, without the need for a computer direct printing function by connecting to a thermal printer. * With a 7-inch full-color touchscreen, the device can operate independently from the computer and store over 1,000 experimental data. * High-brightness, maintenance-free LED lightsource with 4/2 fluorescence detection channels, allowing fluorescence scanning of all wells completed in just 2s. * Rapid heating up and cooling down: maximum heating rate of 8.0 ✬ /s maximum cooling rate of 6.2 ✬ /s. With its excellent performance and portability, it can make your experiments more easy-to-use, accurate and efficient. TianLong Gentier48 real time PCR system is specially designed for small and medium-sized laboratories, mobile laboratories, field testing professionals and so on.Īble to support absolute quantitative analysis, relative quantitative analysis, isothermal amplification, dissociation curve analysis, genotyping, and endpoint fluorescence analysis, etc.
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